Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in meju and soybean paste produced in South Korea

Abstract

In this study, we investigated the occurrence of aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in meju and soybean paste produced in South Korea. Samples were collected from three regions divided on the basis of climate in South Korea. A total of 100 meju samples were analyzed over 3 years (2012–2015), and 45 soybean paste samples were analyzed in 2016. Mycotoxins were extracted with an immunoaffinity column method and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. AFs were detected in 10 of meju (10%) and 11 of soybean paste samples (24.4%) with concentrations of 0.2–48.3 μg/kg and 0.88–16.17 μg/kg, respectively. OTA was detected in 50 of meju (50%) and 22 of soybean paste samples (48.9%) with concentrations of 0.1–193.2 μg/kg and 0.88–26.29 μg/kg, respectively. Mycotoxin contamination in meju was more common in the central region than in the southern areas. Thus, more mycotoxins were produced in the central region owing to less fungal competition in meju during fermentation inside households. We also found that about 91% of AFs and 73% of OTA in meju were degraded after the production of soybean paste and soy sauce. Even after degradation of AFs and OTA, the levels of AFB1 and OTA were 0.5 μg/kg and 7.5 μg/kg in soy sauce and 11.9 μg/kg and 190.4 μg/kg in soybean paste, respectively. Thus, our results suggest the need for constant monitoring of meju and soybean paste for AFs and OTA.